A cable is two or more wires running side by side and bonded, twisted or braided together to form a single assembly. In mechanics cables, otherwise known as wire ropes, are used for lifting, hauling and towing or conveying force through tension. In electrical engineering cables are used to carry electric currents. An optical cable contains one or more optical fibers in a protective jacket that supports the fibers.

Electric cables discussed here are mainly meant for installation in buildings and industrial sites. For power transmission at distances greater than a few kilometres see high voltage cable, power cables and HVDC.

History

Ropes made of multiple strands of natural fibers such as hemp, sisal, manila, and cotton have been used for millennia for hoisting and hauling. By the 19th century, deepening of mines and construction of large ships increased demand for stronger cables. Invention of improved steelmaking techniques made high quality steel available at lower cost, and so wire ropes became common in mining and other industrial applications. By the middle of the 19th century, manufacture of large submarine telegraph cables was done using machines similar to those used for manufacture of mechanical cables.

In the 19th century and early 20th century, electrical cable was often insulated using cloth, rubber and paper. Plastic materials are generally used today, except for high reliability power cables.

Electrical cables

Electrical cables may be made more flexible by stranding the wires. In this process, smaller individual wires are twisted or braided together to produce larger wires that are more flexible than solid wires of similar size. Bunching small wires before concentric stranding adds the most flexibility. Copper wires in a cable may be bare, or they may be plated with a thin layer of another metal, most often tin but sometimes gold, silver or some other material. Tin, gold, and silver are much less prone to oxidation than copper, which may lengthen wire life, and makes soldering easier. Tinning is also used to provide lubrication between strands. Tinning was used to help removal of rubber insulation. Tight lays during stranding makes the cable extensible (CBA - as in telephone handset cords).

Cables can be securely fastened and organized, such as by using trunking, cable trays, cable ties or cable lacing. Continuous-flex or flexible cables used in moving applications within cable carriers can be secured using strain relief devices or cable ties.

At high frequencies, current tends to run along the surface of the conductor. This is known as the skin effect.

Cables and electromagnetic fields

Any current-carrying conductor, including a cable, radiates an electromagnetic field. Likewise, any conductor or cable will pick up energy from any existing electromagnetic field around it. These effects are often undesirable, in the first case amounting to unwanted transmission of energy which may adversely affect nearby equipment or other parts of the same piece of equipment; and in the second case, unwanted pickup of noise which may mask the desired signal being carried by the cable, or, if the cable is carrying power supply or control voltages, pollute them to such an extent as to cause equipment malfunction.

The first solution to these problems is to keep cable lengths in buildings short, since pick up and transmission are essentially proportional to the length of the cable. The second solution is to route cables away from trouble. Beyond this, there are particular cable designs that minimize electromagnetic pickup and transmission. Three of the principal design techniques are shielding, coaxial geometry, and twisted-pair geometry.

Shielding makes use of the electrical principle of the Faraday cage. The cable is encased for its entire length in foil or wire mesh. All wires running inside this shielding layer will be to a large extent decoupled from external electric fields, particularly if the shield is connected to a point of constant voltage, such as earth. Simple shielding of this type is not greatly effective against low-frequency magnetic fields, however - such as magnetic "hum" from a nearby power transformer. A grounded shield on cables operating at 2 kV or more gathers leakage current and capacitive current, protecting people from electric shock and equalizing stress on the cable insulation.

Coaxial design helps to further reduce low-frequency magnetic transmission and pickup. In this design the foil or mesh shield is perfectly tubular - i.e. with a circular cross section - and the inner conductor (there can only be one) is situated exactly at its center. This causes the voltages induced by a magnetic field between the shield and the core conductor to consist of two nearly equal magnitudes which cancel each other.

The twisted pair is a simple expedient where two wires of a cable, rather than running parallel to each other, are twisted around each other, forming a pair of intertwined helices. This can be achieved by putting one end of the pair in a hand drill and turning while maintaining moderate tension on the line. Field cancellation between successive twists of the pair considerably reduces electromagnetic pickup and transmission.

Power-supply cables feeding sensitive electronic devices are sometimes fitted with a series-wired inductor called a choke which blocks high frequencies that may have been picked up by the cable, preventing them from passing into the device.

Fire protection

In building construction, electrical cable jacket material is a potential source of fuel for fires. To limit the spread of fire along cable jacketing, one may use cable coating materials or one may use cables with jacketing that is inherently fire retardant. The plastic covering on some metal clad cables may be stripped off at installation to reduce the fuel source for accidental fires. In Europe in particular, it is often customary to place inorganic wraps and boxes around cables in order to safeguard the adjacent areas from the potential fire threat associated with unprotected cable jacketing. However, this fire protection also traps heat generated from conductor losses, so the protection must be thin.

There are two methods of providing fire protection to a cable:

#Insulation material is deliberately added up with fire retardant materials #The copper conductor itself is covered with mineral insulation (MICC cables)

Electrical cable types

Basic cable types are as follows:

;Shape

Ribbon cable

;Construction Based on construction and cable properties, they can be sorted into the following:

Coaxial cable

Mineral-insulated copper-clad cable

Twinax cable

Flexible cables

Non-metallic sheathed cable (or nonmetallic building wire, NM, NM-B) Metallic sheathed cable (or armored cable, AC, or BX)

Multicore cable (consist of more than one wire and is covered by cable jacket)

Shielded cable

Single cable (from time to time this name is used for wire)

Twisted pair

Twisting cable

;Special

Arresting cable

Bowden cable

Heliax cable

Direct-buried cable

Heavy-lift cable

Elevator cable

Application

Audiovisual cable

Bicycle cable

Communications cable

Computer cable

Mechanical cable

Sensing cable

Submersible cable

Wire rope (wire cable)

See also

For transmission see: Power cable, High voltage cable and HVDC

Cable dressing

Cable gland

Cable harness

Cable lacing

Cable length

Cable management

Cable modem

Cable reel

Cable television

Cable tray

Category 5 cable

Category 6 cable

Category 7 cable

Circuit integrity

Cross-linked polyethylene

DOCSIS

Electrical connector

Electrical wiring

Extension cable

International Cablemakers Federation

Over/under cable coiling

Polyvinyl chloride

Portable cord

Power cable

Profibus

Submarine communications cable

Submarine power cable

Steel Wire Armoured (SWA) Cable

SY control cable

Tensile structure

Transmission line

Wire

Wire rope

References

Further reading

R. M. Black, ''The History of Electric Wires and Cables'', Peter Pergrinus, London 1983 ISBN 0-86341-001-4

BICC Cables Ltd, "Electric Cables Handbook", WileyBlackwell; London 3rd Edition edition 1997, ISBN 0-63204-075-0

External links

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Coordinates	48°42′″N44°31′″N
name	Susan Lindauer
birth date	July 17, 1963
relatives	Andrew Card, second cousin
occupation	Author, journalist, and activist
parents	John Howard LindauerJackie Lindauer (1932-1992)
children	}}

Susan Lindauer (born 17 July 1963) is an American journalist, author, and antiwar activist. She was accused of conspiring to act as an agent for the Iraqi Intelligence Service and engaging in prohibited financial transactions involving the government of Iraq under Saddam Hussein. Lindauer was found mentally unfit to stand trial and all charges were dropped in 2009.

Personal life

She is the daughter of John Howard Lindauer II, the newspaper publisher and former Republican nominee for Governor of Alaska. Susan's mother was Jackie Lindauer (1932–1992) who died of cancer in 1992. In 1995 her father married Dorothy Oremus, a Chicago attorney who along with other members of her family owned the largest cement company in the Midwest.

Lindauer is also a second cousin of former White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card.

Education and employment

Lindauer attended East Anchorage High School in Anchorage, Alaska where she was an honor student and was in school plays. She graduated from Smith College in 1985. She earned a masters degree in public policy from the London School of Economics. She worked as a temporary reporter at the ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'' for 13 weeks in 1987, and as an editorial writer at the ''The Everett Herald'' in Everett, Washington in 1989. She then was a reporter and researcher at ''U.S. News & World Report'' in 1990 and 1991. Her co-workers said she was a woman "prone to mood swings and erratic behavior".

She then worked for Representative Peter DeFazio, D-Oregon (1993) and then Representative Ron Wyden, D-Oregon (1994) before joining the office of Senator Carol Moseley Braun, D-Illinois, where she worked as a press secretary and speech writer.

Activism

She started making visits to the Libyan Mission to the United Nations in 1995. She held meetings with Iraqi Intelligence Service officials at the United Nations in 1999. Andrew Card is her second cousin. Her first contact with the former Chief of Staff to President George W. Bush was around 2001. On January 8, 2003, she delivered a letter to Card urging the White House to not invade Iraq.

Controversies

In her book, ''Extreme Prejudice: The Terrifying Story of the Patriot Act and the Cover-Ups of 9/11 and Iraq'' and in a radio interview on No Lies Radio she claims to have had foreknowledge of the 11 September attacks.

Arrest

Lindauer was arrested on Thursday, 11 March 2004 in Takoma Park, Maryland and charged with "acting as an unregistered agent of a foreign government". The indictment alleged that she accepted US$10,000 from Iraqi intelligence services in 2002. Lindauer denies receiving the money, but admits taking a trip to Baghdad. She was released on bond on March 13, 2004 to attend an arraignment the following week. In 2005 she was incarcerated in Carswell Air Force Base in Fort Worth, Texas for psychological evaluation then moved to the Metropolitan Correctional Center in Manhattan.

Unfit to stand trial

In 2006, she was released from prison after Michael B. Mukasey ruled that Lindauer was unfit to stand trial and could not be forced to take antipsychotic medication to make her competent to stand trial.

In 2008, Loretta A. Preska of the Federal District Court in New York City reaffirmed that Lindauer was mentally unfit to stand trial.

On January 16, 2009 the government decided to not go ahead with the prosecution saying "prosecuting Lindauer would no longer be in the interests of justice."

Media

Lindauer has written a book "Extreme Prejudice: The Terrifying Story of the Patriot Act and the Cover-Ups of 9/11 and Iraq" about her experience.

References

External links

United State of America vs. Susan Lindauer

Susan Lindauer's Mission To Baghdad

Woman Accused Of Spying For Saddam; The Smoking Gun.

American Cassandra - Susan Lindauer’s Story

Susan Lindauer’s last letter to Andrew Card, Jan. 6, 2003

Susan Lindauer 2011 interview with Kevin Barrett on her 9/11 conspiracy theory declaring herself as a "CIA asset" sent to Iraq for "back channel talks" and negotiations and her foreknowledge of 9/11

Susan Lindauer's book website

*[http://www.veteranstoday.com/author/lindauer/ Susan Lindauer's column articles at Veterans Today Military and Foreign Affairs Journal

Category:1963 births Category:Living people Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics Category:American journalists Category:People from Anchorage, Alaska Category:Smith College alumni Category:American public relations people Category:American spies Category:Iraqi spies

Coordinates	48°42′″N44°31′″N
Show name	The Opie & Anthony Show
Format	Talk, Comedy
Runtime	6am to 10am, Monday through Friday
Creator	Gregg HughesAnthony Cumia
(former) executive producer	Steve "The Bear" Carlesi
Starring	Gregg "Opie" HughesAnthony CumiaJim Norton
Opentheme	"The Ecstasy of Gold" by Ennio Morricone "Street Fighting Man" by Rage Against the Machine
Country	United States
First aired	March 28, 1995
Last aired	present
Website	siriusxm.com/thevirus
Home station	The Virus (XM105/Sirius206)
Live video	Audible.com }}

Opie (Gregg Hughes, born May 23, 1965) and Anthony (Anthony Cumia, born April 26, 1961) are the hosts of ''The Opie & Anthony Show'', a talk radio program airing in the United States and Canada on XM Satellite Radio and Sirius Satellite Radio. Since the merger of the two satellite companies, this is now called Sirius/XM. It is co-hosted by stand up comedian Jim Norton. Currently based in New York City, the show was previously on WXRK-FM and WNEW-FM in New York, and prior to that, on WAAF-FM in Boston, Massachusetts.

On April 26, 2006, Opie and Anthony returned to the terrestrial airwaves after a four year absence, replacing CBS Radio's short-lived ''David Lee Roth Show'', which aired mainly on the eastern coast of the United States. The terrestrial portion of the show ran until March 9, 2009. The team was terminated by WXRK-FM when it flipped formats from rock to Top 40.

''The Opie & Anthony Show'' airs weekdays live from 6am through 10am ET exclusively on XM Radio Channel 105 and Sirius Radio Channel 206 "The Virus". Replays are available throughout the day on their XM and Sirius channels.

Background and history

Gregg "Opie" Hughes and Anthony Cumia were raised on Long Island, New York, in Centerport and Elwood respectively. Hughes graduated from SUNY Geneseo and for the next seven years, interned and worked at several western New York radio stations such as 96.5 WCMF in Rochester (where he first worked for Brother Wease) and WUFX in Buffalo. Opie eventually found his way back home to rock station WBAB on his native Long Island after breaking up with Brother Wease. Although not initially doing a talk-show, Hughes did experiment with certain talk elements, including a recurring character named "Spuds Buckley". While earning a living as an HVAC duct worker, Cumia began recording comedy songs with his brother Joe. Cumia also showed considerable skills at doing impressions. In August 1994, Hughes, seeking innovative ideas, received an entry during an O.J. Simpson parody song contest. The song was titled "Gonna Electric Shock OJ" (sung to the tune of Otis Redding's "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay") by a local band known as Rotgut, of which Cumia was the lead singer. The song was a hit on Hughes' show, and he invited the Cumia brothers to the studio to play live in September 1994. In December 1994, Cumia also appeared on ''The Howard Stern Show'' during an impression contest in which he imitated Jackie the Jokeman, Beavis and Butt-head, and Sam Kinison. Soon afterward, Hughes and Cumia became a radio team. Hughes' show was called "The Nighttime Attitude" and aired from 8 pm-midnight on WBAB. Shortly after Cumia's arrival, he and Hughes requested that the show be moved to morning or afternoon drive, the two most listened to timeslots in radio. When the station refused, Hughes and Cumia moved the show to afternoon drive on WAAF in Boston, Massachusetts, where they premiered on March 27, 1995 as ''Opie & Anthony (O&A)''.

WAAF-FM

One of Opie and Anthony's most notable Boston stunts was their giveaway of "100 Grand", which was hyped for weeks. When they finally gave away the prize, the winning caller laid into the duo with biting invective after he realized the repairs he needed to make to his truck would be un-affordable with a 100 Grand candy bar instead of $100,000. Listen to the prank

The duo was fired in April 1998 from WAAF for an April Fool's Day prank involving Mayor Thomas Menino. Opie and Anthony told their listeners that the Mayor had been killed in a car accident. Many believed the story, leading Menino to file a complaint with the Federal Communications Commission, as the FCC prohibits the broadcast of knowingly false information if it causes public harm. WAAF suggested that the duo have pies thrown at them while being held in town square stocks. The idea was summarily dismissed by the mayor's office. Facing a possible license challenge, WAAF fired them, but Opie and Anthony promised that they would return to Boston and get revenge. During the early days of XM Anthony stated that the intent of the April Fool's prank was to allow the duo to be released from their contract with WAAF. He also stated that the duo had been having illegal meetings with WNEW prior to the April Fool's prank. He preceded these comments with "The statutes of limitations must be up on this."

WNEW-FM

In June 1998, O&A were back on New York station WNEW-FM, where they became a top 10 afternoon drive show in New York by 2000.

In November 2000, sixteen people associated with the show (including comedian Lewis Black and future show member Jim Norton) were arrested during a promotion for "The Voyeur Bus," a mostly glass-sided bus carting naked women through Manhattan with a police escort. The stunt was harshly condemned by Mayor Rudy Giuliani.

O&A hosted the short-lived "XFL Gameday" – the pregame show for Vince McMahon's startup football league – for four weeks in February 2001. The half-hour show aired nationally on Saturday nights on select NBC affiliates prior to the evening's games. The show was taped on Wednesdays at the WWF's theme restaurant in Times Square, and was open to the public. It featured analysis by WNBC sportscaster Bruce Beck and New York/New Jersey Hitmen head coach Rusty Tillman, but also featured plenty of raunch. One particular segment featured O&A as chefs, inserting a cucumber in between two melons. O&A were almost banned from Giants Stadium for life during the filming of one episode when they imitated a proposed XFL rule where first possession was determined by placing the ball at midfield and having two opposing team-members attempt to get it. O&A did this as God Bless America began to play before a game . They said that the $100,000 cost of making each new show was the cause of its demise, though no official reason was given for its cancellation.

In 2001, O&A signed a syndication deal with Infinity to syndicate their show on 22 stations nationwide, including WBCN in Boston, longtime rival of WAAF. By this time, show friend Andrew Dice Clay had introduced O&A to Jim Norton, a comedian who toured with and opened for Clay. Norton was a hit on ''O&A'' and soon became a regular on the show, appearing three or four days per week.

Sex for Sam

One of O&A's stunts was "Sex for Sam", an annual contest where the goal was to have sex in notable public places in New York City. Couples from various states would be selected to be trailed by a comedian or member of the show, who would call the program to report the location. The contest was sponsored by Boston Beer Company, maker of Samuel Adams beer, and prizes included trips to Boston concerts sponsored by the beer company. The contest was approved by the station and had no major problems for the first two years.

However, in "Sex for Sam 3", comedian Paul Mecurio encouraged Brian Florence and Loretta Harper, a Virginia couple visiting Manhattan, to have on-air sex in a vestibule at St. Patrick's Cathedral on August 15, 2002. When a security guard ordered Mecurio and the couple to leave the church immediately, Mecurio began to argue with the guard, who then contacted police. The couple was arrested and charged with public lewdness. Intense media scrutiny led to the Catholic League demanding that Opie and Anthony be fired. The Catholic League also threatened to get WNEW's license revoked.

O&A broadcast the next day, but were ordered not to directly address the incident for legal reasons. The show went into reruns the following week. On August 22, Infinity suspended Opie and Anthony for the duration of their contract, and canceled the show. However, the company continued to pay the duo to stay off the air for the balance of their contract. The Catholic League immediately dropped its bid to have WNEW's license revoked.

The repercussions of the incident were widespread: Infinity was fined a total of $357,500 by the FCC, the maximum amount allowed by law, and the second-largest indecency fine in American radio history. It refused to pay the fine. WNEW's ratings, already dreadful aside from Opie and Anthony, dropped even lower than those of noncommercial stations and never recovered for the rest of the time as a talk station and through most of the rest of its time as WNEW. The station returned to the music format in January 2003, starting with a Top 40 format, then going to an adult contemporary format, and later switching to a classic dance music format before returning to the AC format, at which point the station's call letters were changed to WWFS. Under WWFS, the ratings rebounded to a 3.1 rating, then cooled down to an average of a 2.5 rating. In a bit of irony, Opie and Anthony would make fun of an incident at WNEW in late 2004, in which the program director got drunk, went on air, and confused the call letters with those of WNEW's arch-rival WKTU. Harper pleaded guilty a month later to disorderly conduct and was sentenced to seven days of community service. Her partner, Brian Florence, died of a heart attack on September 25, 2003.

XM Satellite Radio

Opie and Anthony returned to the air on October 4, 2004 exclusively for XM Satellite Radio after two years off the air. Initially, the show was offered to XM subscribers at a premium cost of $1.99 a month, to which they encountered some resistance. In April 2005, "High Voltage" became part of the basic XM subscription. There are no numbers available with respect to the number of premium subscribers. Hughes gave some indication, however, when he told the Long Island press in 2006, "We went from having a show that was syndicated in 17 major markets to having a few thousand," which did not help to remove the discrepancy.

On April 17, 2006, DirecTV ceased airing the High Voltage channel on their satellite TV service, citing subscriber requests for more music channels and fewer talk and sports channels. However, less than a week elapsed before inside sources announced that, due to overwhelming audience demands that O&A return to DirecTV, the channel would be restored on April 26, 2006.

Opie & Anthony frequently mentioned on the air that they always hated the title "High Voltage", which was selected by one of the company lawyers. They had been trying to change the name but were unsuccessful for the first 2 years, until Eric Logan announced on their October 4, 2006 broadcast that High Voltage would be renamed "The Virus" on November 20, 2006, pursuant to the demands of hardcore O&A fans known as "The Pests".

A major part of the XM show was the "Assault on the Media", led by "The Pests" to give the show additional exposure. On May 19, 2005, show intern Nathaniel showed up behind Arthur Chi'en of WCBS-TV. The disruption caused Chi'en to shout "What the fuck is your problem, man?" while the cameras were still rolling. Chi'en was fired a few hours later. (The situation brought the show nationwide press.)

On May 15, 2007, XM suspended Opie & Anthony for 30 days, in response to a broadcast featuring a homeless and deranged man who wandered into the studio. Opie and Anthony dubbed the man "Homeless Charlie", who mentioned the possibility of raping Condoleezza Rice and Laura Bush. Charlie spoke wildly for nearly twenty minutes, commenting on a wide variety of news topics. A blogger posted a ten second excerpt of the discussion, which was later posted to ''The Drudge Report'' with no context given to the audio. Commentary on the incident was especially incendiary from Bill O'Reilly, who called the situation "the worst I have ever seen." (O'Reilly once had the radio duo on his show.) CBS (terrestrial) radio continued to air the show from 6:00 am–9:00 am Eastern time, and had a decidedly more subdued sound, due to greater scrutiny.

Fans reacted to the news of the suspension by canceling their XM Radio subscriptions, with some fans even going as far as smashing their XM units. XM did offer a free month of service to subscribers who called in complaints of the suspension. Moreover, some sponsors pulled their advertising off XM in protest of the suspension.

The radio duo's month-long suspension from XM ended on June 15, 2007, when they returned to XM's airwaves. Shortly after the suspension, Opie closed on a $3.35 million apartment in Trump Place owned by Donald Trump.

Return to broadcast radio 2006-2011

On July 17, 2006, Opie and Anthony signed a deal with CBS Broadcasting in which the first three hours of the show would be broadcast on nine of Citadel's rock stations.

After an 18-month run on XM, ''The Opie & Anthony Show'' began simulcasting on XM Radio and various terrestrial radio stations from 6 am to 9 am EST. From 9 am to 11 am (and on some days until noon), the show was broadcast exclusively on XM Radio. XM listeners were able to hear the show uncensored for the entire show (except when the main feed is "self-censored" by the hosts). During the 6-9 slot, the FM-only listeners would hear a Federal Communications Commission-compliant version of the show. In Philadelphia, O&A achieved a threefold increase in the month of May over David Lee Roth's April ratings in the age 18–34 demographic. In Boston, O&A doubled the the number of all age demographics and achieved an even greater increase in younger listeners. According to the winter 07 arbitron ratings, O&A doubled Roth's ratings with their target demographic of 18 to 34-year-olds. But the improvement merely amounted to an increase of 2% to about 4% of the audience-- a third of Stern's old numbers in New York City. Following the Summer 07 Arbitron ratings, O&A's 18- to 34-year-olds ratings slipped, while their morning drive rating in NYC of 2.1 left them only ahead of sports based WFAN network in the morning. In the spring 2008 under the new Portable people meter ratings system, Opie and Anthony again failed to crack the top ten in morning drive, and their flagship station WXRK ranked 20th out of 24 stations in overall ratings and out of the top ten in the coveted 25-54 demographic.

Rockstar Games gave the cast and crew of the show voice roles in the PlayStation Portable game ''Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories'', including Club Soda Kenny as the voice of Derek the Dodo. The only exception was Jim Norton, since he had a voice role in previous Rockstar game, ''Bully''.

On October 23, 2007, WYSP in Philadelphia cut Opie and Anthony from their lineup in favor of the rock music format, to which the station had changed in September.

During the summer of 2008, the show featured a romance between Anthony Cumia and Jill Nicolini. Nicolini, a model/actress who currently does traffic for a local New York TV station, and Cumia were often photographed together at various events. A regular running bit on the show focused on the authenticity of this May–December romance. While many initially doubted the beautiful Nicolini would actually date Cumia, the relationship appeared to blossom over time, until it ended disastrously in August 2008.

In 2008, as part of Rockstar Games' newest addition to the '' Grand Theft Auto'' series, Cumia performed the viral "Pißwasser" (or "Piss Water") commercial for ''Grand Theft Auto IV'', as a parody to Budweiser's "King of Beers" campaign. It was later performed by Cumia on the ''Opie and Anthony Show''. Other members of the show's cast appear as characters in ''GTA IV''.

During their tenure at K-Rock, almost all of O&A's affiliates (many of which were in major markets) systematically dropped the show, primarily due to declining ratings. By November 30, 2008, Opie and Anthony remained in only three major cities – New York, Boston and Cleveland. The following day, however, WBCN in Boston dropped them in favor of their local Toucher & Rich show, while WKRK switched to a jockless alternative rock format.

On March 9, 2009, Opie & Anthony were heard on WXRK for the last time, and spent much of the time discussing the impending format change, and how their services were "no longer needed" at the station. Their executive producer for the FM portion, Michael "Stuntbrain" Opelka, was fired the following day.

As of October 1, 2010, the Opie and Anthony show renewed their contract with Sirius/XM satellite radio for 2 years. The two occasionally mention that they will not renew their contract after the current contract expires, citing their disgust with the poor way they are often treated by Sirius management as the primary reason.

Run-ins with the FCC

The Federal Communications Commission has twice fined O&A for broadcasting material deemed in violation of decency standards. The first fine involved several November 2000 – January 2001 airings of a jingle produced by Dru Boogie, a DJ/producer who regularly produces content for the show. The $21,000 fine also involved a segment of "Guess What's in My Pants", as well as a song titled, "I'm Horny for Little Girls". O&A's second FCC violation – the "Sex for Sam" broadcast – set a precedent for being the first time that a fine was issued to each individual station airing the alleged indecent material. The total was $357,500; $27,500 against each of the thirteen CBS Radio/Infinity-owned stations that broadcast the show. Infinity appealed both fines, after which its parent company Viacom made a $3.5 million settlement which canceled all pending indecency violations. The show has not been in trouble with the FCC since that time.

Program content

Opie and Anthony often comment on American sociopolitical and popular culture. Their "cringe" style of entertainment sometimes leads people to categorize them as "shock jocks". Hughes, Cumia and Norton broadcast for approximately four hours per day. Generally speaking, Opie sets the daily flow of the show and introduces topics, while Cumia and Norton provide color commentary. The show has few limits, and covers a wide array of topics interactively, with a great deal of time devoted to callers, and sound bites sent in by listeners. Some of the more hardcore O&A fans, nicknamed "Pests", have been known to go to extreme grassroots efforts to promote the show.

Friends and regular guests on the show include Adam Ferrara, Jim Jeffries, Joe DeRosa, Louis C.K., (who famously asked Donald Rumsfeld if he was a Mexican baby eating space lizard) Bill Burr, Larry Hennig, Joe Derosa, Patrice O'Neal, Brian Regan, Robert Kelly, Otto & George, Bob Saget, Rich Vos, Colin Quinn, and Nick DiPaolo all of whom have substituted for Norton when he has left New York to pursue his stand-up comedy and acting. Frequent guests include Doug Stanhope, Stephen Lynch, Joe Rogan, Lazlow Jones, Jay Mohr, Kevin Smith and Mike Birbiglia. Host Anthony Cumia does impressions of various personalities such as Charlton Heston, Don West, Sylvester Stallone, Fred Flintstone, Bill Cosby, Ben Stein, Richard Nixon, Sam Kinison, Andrew Dice Clay, Tom Brokaw, Ronald Reagan, Mike Tyson, Tony Boselli, Tony Danza, Christopher Reeve, Ted Knight, Robert Reed, Regis Philbin, Vince McMahon (dubbed "Angry Vince" for the consistently violent tone of Anthony's voice in channeling McMahon's wrestling persona), Neil Diamond, Robin Williams, Winnie the Pooh, Popeye the Sailor, Don Imus, Marty McFly and The Greaseman. O&A's style and jokes typically target males in the 18-49 demographic.

The songs played at the beginning the O&A show are Ennio Morricone's "The Ecstasy of Gold" from ''The Good, The Bad and The Ugly'' followed by Rage Against the Machine's song "Street Fighting Man", a cover of the Rolling Stones' song of the same name.

Film references

O&A's show features many inside jokes that a new listener may not immediately understand. There are many references to films, ''The Shining'' was once one of the most prominent. Other referenced films include ''Fargo'', ''The Silence of the Lambs'', ''The Accused'', ''Predator'', ''Boogie Nights'', ''American Psycho'', '' Blazing Saddles'', ''Fast Times At Ridgemont High'', ''Apocalypse Now'', ''Bad Lieutenant'', '' Ed Wood'', ''Jaws'', '' Platoon'', ''A Clockwork Orange'', ''Full Metal Jacket'', ''Death Wish'', ''Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan'', ''Schindler's List'', ''Caddyshack'', ''The Godfather'', ''My Baby is Black'', ''Mondo Topless'', ''The Shawshank Redemption'', ''Back to The Future'', ''Sling Blade'', ''Office Space'', Caligula and anything starring Robert De Niro (most notably ''The King of Comedy'').

Staff

Travis Tefft, ''Executive Producer'' – (aka T-Storm) – Former intern who became a regular staff member. Travis typically acts as the phone screener as well as providing minute-to-minute research. He is currently the acting 'Executive Producer'. Tefft was briefly suspended from the show for kicking former intern "Blind Stevie" in the crotch.

Erik Nagel, ''Senior Producer'' – (aka ''Erock'') – Hired from Day 1 of the show coming to XM Radio. Co-Hosts 'Worst Of The Week Countdown' and the 'Worst-Of' shows with Sam Roberts. Erik is often a target of ridicule on the show, and does a character on the show called 'The Virus' which stemmed from the annual Jocktober bit.

Danny Ross, ''Senior Producer'' (aka Big Doodies) – Former intern who became a regular staff member. Danny originally started as a writer for former Executive Producer Steve Carlisi's web site, foundrymusic.com. Carlesi brought him on board as an intern. He is responsible for the show's daily content and has been the in-studio producer since 2008.

Derek Blair, ''Production Director'' – (aka ''D-Boi'') – Former intern who became a regular staff member. Derek does not appear on the show to the same extent as the rest of the staff, as his primary responsibilities include show production i.e. sweepers, promos and intros.

Sam Roberts, ''Associate Producer'' – (aka Prime Time Sam Roberts) – Former intern who became a regular staff member. Co-Hosts 'Worst Of The Week Countdown' and the 'Worst-Of' shows with Erock on weekends. He currently hosts 'After O&A Live', which airs from 10am to 11am on The Virus following the live show. Sam is very involved in screening radio shows for Jocktober, and contributes regularly on-air when the subjects of professional wrestling and ''Scorch's PFG TV'' (a public access TV show, hosted by a former radio colleague of O&A's) come up. He now hosts 'After Opie & Anthony Live' and 'Special Delivery' with East Side Dave, a former member of The Ron and Fez Show.

John Feder, ''Security'' – (aka Club Soda Kenny) – A 22-year retiree of the West Orange, New Jersey Police Department, Kenny met O&A while working for Andrew Dice Clay. He was a part-time member of O&A's security staff since the summer of 2004, and joined O&A full-time in 2006 following his fully-reinstated retirement. He is often ridiculed for his "oafish" demeanor.

Callers who became frequent guests

Pat from Moonachie (Patrick Philbin) – A 44-year old, 340-pound self-employed courier with 9 toes (due to diabetes), who became a friend after winning O&A's first annual Eggnog Drinking Contest. Philbin consumed 71 double shots of eggnog and subsequently vomited. He is a competitive eater, ranked 19th in the world by the I.F.O.C.E and placed 10th in Nathan's Fourth of July Hot Dog Eating Contest. The "Baby Bird" video which came about from the 2006 Eggnog Drinking Challenge earned him infamy and caused him to be barred from the I.F.O.C.E for his "effluvic interchange." Philbin's banishment was rescinded and he was eventually re-instated on December 6, 2006.

Big A (Andrew Gold) A Bronx cab driver with a speech impediment. (He has a severe stutter, especially when pronouncing words that begin with the "st" sound). Co-host of the 'Big A & Twitchels News Cast' segment. Recently, he has co-hosted the segment with show regular Bobo.

Tom – Tom was discovered after they took a call from "an elvish sounding man". He is now the focus of "Is Tom alive? Friday", as Tom has a fatal lung disease, was kicked out of his apartment, and has had a broken back and lesioned spinal column; he was told by his doctor that he is now likely in his last year of life, however Tom has repeatedly claimed he will commit suicide to avoid the pain accompanying his passing. On June 12 of 2008 Tom called into the show to thank Opie and Anthony for the show and planned to kill himself. After talking with Tom, Opie, Anthony and Jim convinced him to unload his weapons and come on the show the following day. As of January 26, 2010, Tom is still alive and in better health.

Characters

Paul Harghhis/Hahrrgis – (AKA Uncle Paul) A character voiced by Jim Norton. Uncle Paul is a child molester with a creepy voice. Norton need only utter "huh?" in the voice to bring the character into a conversation, particularly one involving young children. Paul does not seem embarrassed by or even understand that his antics are inappropriate. He has recently demonstrated a hostile streak, as he yells at call-in guests or about "those goddamn meddling parents." Hahrrgis, along with Ted Scheckler were referenced in "The Substitute", the fourth episode of the sixth season of ''Lost''. In the episode, a series of surnames associated with certain numbers were featured. Hargghis's number was 202, the XM channel number where the show can be heard.

Steve from Yellowstone – (AKA Ben from Boston, Danny from W-Town, Jimmy from New Jersey, Erik from Breathtown, Po from Jersey, etc.) Fake characters that are voiced by Norton, occasionally used to mock bad guests on the phone or in-studio.

Ted Sheckler – A character voiced by Jim Norton. Ted is an entrepreneur, said to own many odd boutique emporiums. He often recommends callers to purchase specific items at his emporiums. He also enjoys a variety of activities such as ghost hunting, light bulb manufacturing, race car driving, and serial killing by blowing second-hand smoke into crowds. The Sheckler character, along with Paul Hargghis were referenced in "The Substitute", the fourth episode of the sixth season of ''Lost''. A series of surnames associated with certain numbers were featured in the episode. Sheckler's number was 197, the Sirius channel number where the show can be heard.

Lyle Delmar "Chip" Chipperson - Is a character voiced by Jim Norton known for his horrendous jokes. He has recently changed his name to Jerry Sherbert in order to make it in Hollywood.

Helen Bergeron – A character voiced by Jim Norton. Helen is an older Jewish woman who enjoys gossiping about celebrities and popular culture. She would be characterized as a "yenta". She usually says, "Helen Bergeron, signing off" when finished speaking.

Edgar Mellencamp -Another character voiced by Norton, created primarily to antagonize Norton's girlfriend. Edgar is known for his perpetually dry teeth, which he likes to have licked.

The Virus – A character reluctantly voiced by "E-Rock". The character was "born" when Sam told a clueless but compliant E-rock to perform the character on the air. Virus is asked for comedic takes on daily events, but cannot come up with a punchline or any relevant material. When asked to say something amusing, there is merely a pregnant pause followed by a lame excuse, such as "You know I'm not good at this" or "The Virus is totally unprepared." Whenever he makes an appearance, the song "Baby Elephant Walk" is played.

Bill Tetley - A fictional variety show host created by Jim Norton. (Jim uses the character to harass Anthony at home).

Other enterprises

Demented World

A CD released in November 1997 which includes a compilation of bits done on WAAF.

Cherry Darts http://www.cherrydarts.com/ Cherry Darts is based off the popular Opie & Anthony show from XM Radio. Cherry Darts is a friendly game of accuracy and skill. The object of the game is to land the whipped-cream covered cherry on or closest to the bullseye, of a girl or girls who are bent over.

The Opie & Anthony Traveling Virus

The Traveling Virus is a comedy tour headlined by Opie and Anthony, as well as friends of the show, that began in 2006. In its first year, it spanned several locations in the eastern United States during the summer. In 2007, it visited 10 cities through the spring and summer. It was an event they had discussed for many years, but were never able to bring it to fruition until they made their latest deal with CBS radio.

The 2008 Traveling Virus Tour was canceled in favor of one show, held at the PNC Bank Arts Center in Holmdel, New Jersey on August 2, 2008. On the morning of Monday, August 4, 2008, Opie stated that the August 2nd show in New Jersey would be "the last Traveling Virus show ever", due to the crowd consistently booing new comedians off the stage, causing established comedians to refuse to appear at the venue

Search and Destroy

On the morning of March 26, 2008, Opie & Anthony revealed they had taped a pilot for Comedy Central. The show is titled ''Search & Destroy'' and features teams of comedians performing various tasks throughout New York City. Opie and Anthony believe that it may have been too graphic even for cable television. Although Opie and Anthony considered the pilot a success, Comedy Central did not pick the show up.

Controversies

April Fool's Day: On April 1, 1998, while still on WAAF in Worcester, O&A announced that the mayor of Boston, Thomas Menino, had been killed in a car accident in Florida. Things became heated after Menino's daughter called the station believing the story to be true, and the duo was terminated the following week. During the early days of XM, Anthony stated that the intent of the April Fool's prank was to allow the duo to be released from their contract with WAAF. He also stated that the duo had illegal meetings with WNEW before the April Fool's prank. He prefaced these comments with "the statutes of limitations must be up on this." Despite the controversy that was started by the April Fool's Day prank, the duo was hired by WNEW-FM in New York City less than five months later.

W.O.W.: During their WAAF years, O&A established "Whip 'em Out Wednesdays," which encouraged women to flash their breasts to anyone with a "W.O.W." sign. Consequently, it was common around Massachusetts to see cars with W.O.W. stickers, signs and even painted lettering. The campaign came to an end on WAAF in the summer of 1997, when the station forced the duo to discontinue the stunt and suspended the show for three weeks. W.O.W. has since been reintroduced to the show; W.O.W. stickers and signs are more common in O&A's biggest markets: New York and Boston. The campaign gained notoriety when a woman flashed the famous crowd fly-by camera during a broadcast of ''The Today Show''. They are less visible in other markets, such as San Francisco, as they are more reluctant to back the W.O.W. promotion.

Voyeur Bus: Fifteen participants in the show's "Voyeur Bus", including the driver, six dancers, and eight associates of the show, were arrested for disorderly conduct. The dancers had performed topless, fully visible through the vehicle's large transparent windows, which was driven along busy Manhattan streets. Charges against the eight associates were later dropped. New York mayor Rudolph Giuliani described the publicity stunt as "stupid."

Homeless Shopping Spree: In late 1999, shortly before Christmas, O&A held the first "Homeless Shopping Spree", which has since become an annual event. The bit involves a dozen of New York's homeless, who are each given several hundred dollars by the show and much more by the fans, and are taken to a posh shopping mall, most notably the Mall at Short Hills in Short Hills, New Jersey. They are allowed to buy whatever they want, including warm clothes and other items they could not normally afford, while being cheered on by the thousands of listeners who show up. In the 1999 Spree, the mall reacted by closing several of the nicer stores and eventually have the twelve homeless men removed from the mall by security. Boston mayor Thomas Menino expressed outrage at the event, declaring that the Homeless Shopping Spree degraded and humiliated the contestants, and that it was immoral to hold such an event on the same day the city was to do a census count of the homeless townspeople. The event was repeated at the same mall on December 16, 2006.

"100 Grand": Early in the team's radio career, O&A announced a contest at WAAF in which the 107th caller would receive "100 Grand". They continued this bit throughout the show, careful not to say "$100,000", only "100 Grand". The 107th caller was ecstatic, believing that he had actually won $100,000, and exclaimed that he was planning to buy a new truck with his good fortune. He became furious when Opie informed him that the prize was merely a 100 Grand candy bar, and proceeded to curse loudly on the air, famously calling the duo "a bunch of douche bags."

T&A with O&A: Opie and Anthony held a station-promoted beach party on the shores of Angola, NY (a suburb of the city of Buffalo) on Saturday July 13, 2002; they claimed 5,000 persons were in attendance. Several female attendees appeared nude or topless, and at least one inserted vegetables into various orifices. Buffalo officials quickly dispersed the crowd, warning O&A and crew not to return, lest they endure legal action. Additionally, FCC complaints were filed despite the event not being broadcast on any medium. Furthermore, reminiscing about the event on their July 25, 2011 show, Opie claimed that shortly after the event took place, management at WNEW informed the duo off-air that police in Erie County (who received over 250 complaints from area residents) had begun the process of securing warrants for their arrest over the incident. The aftermath went unrealized, as it was overshadowed by the more serious "Sex For Sam 3" incident roughly a month later.

The Eggnog Drinking Challenge: An annual challenge where contestants have to drink as many shots of eggnog as possible before vomiting. On December 1, 2006, during the Challenge, Pat from Moonachie drank 75 double-shots of eggnog and subsequently vomited all over prospective intern Pat Duffy's mouth. This has been dubbed the "Baby Bird" (Joe Rogan), and became a hit on both the O&A website as well as Break.com due to Youtube's initial refusal to carry the video.

Condoleezza Rice, Laura Bush & Queen Elizabeth II: A homeless man (Homeless Charlie) making a guest appearance on the XM version of the show described how he would like to have sex with the United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, First Lady Laura Bush, also calling Queen Elizabeth II "horse-faced", an act which the hosts joked could only happen through force. In the wake of the Don Imus firing, there has been speculation that O&A may be fired following that segment that aired on their program May 9, 2007. On their Friday show, Opie and Anthony apologized for the bit by begrudgingly saying, "We apologize to the public officials for comments that were made on our XM show on May 9. We take very seriously the responsibility that comes with our creative freedom and regret any offense that this segment has caused." On May 15, 2007, XM suspended Opie and Anthony for 30 days.

Donald Trump made a handful of calls to the show to promote his television series ''The Apprentice'', and it appeared that relations between the radio show and Donald Trump were positive. However, Trump was later interviewed and called Opie and Anthony "two slobs" and swore never to appear on the show again, seemingly over a press release made by O&A that stated that Trump called them. Trump interpreted that statement as implying that he was desperate for media attention. Trump was supposed to call the show on January 10, 2008, but did not.

Weinergate Photo Release During his June 8th, 2011 appearance, Andrew Breitbart showed Opie and Anthony a picture of Anthony Weiner's erect penis. A listener forwarded them a screenshot captured from their live Paltalk video feed, and Opie posted it on Twitter. Andrew Breitbart was very upset at what transpired. Opie had also taken a picture of the photo during the showing without the knowledge of Breitbart.

Stations

The O&A Show can now be heard on Sirius XM Radio, live from 6 AM – 11 AM Eastern (the show regularly runs live until 10 AM and runs "After Opie & Anthony Live" (hosted by Sam Roberts) until 11) on XM channel 105, The Virus or on Sirius channel 206.

Show rundowns / recaps

Shows from October 2004-February 2006 Written by Mellinda

Shows from June 2006-October/November 2006 Written by Happytypingirl

Shows from October/November 2006-Mid 2008 Written by Struff

Current Shows Written by Struff

O&A show rundowns (on KROCK) by Steven S from Bayshore; were lost following the K-Rock format change

See also

The Virus (XM)

References

External links

;Official Sites

XM Satellite Radio (XM 202 "The Virus" – The Virus Homepage)

OA Pedia An Opie and Anthony Encyclopedia

Category:American talk radio hosts Category:American comedy radio programs Category:Duos Category:Viral marketing Category:Radio programs on XM Radio Category:Living people

Coordinates

48°42′″N44°31′″N

{{infobox person | name

Paris Hilton | image ParisHiltonFeb2011.jpg | image_size 200px | caption | birth_name Paris Whitney Hilton | birth_date February 17, 1981 | birth_place New York City, New York, U.S. | occupation businesswoman, Socialite, model, fashion designer | years_active 1993, 2000–present | religion Roman Catholic | website Official site | hair Blonde | eyes blue contact lenses, naturally brown | height | weight | parents Richard Howard HiltonKathy Hilton | siblings Nicky Hilton, Barron Hilton, and Conrad }}

Paris Whitney Hilton (born February 17, 1981) is an American businesswoman, heiress, socialite, and media personality. She is a great-granddaughter of Conrad Hilton (founder of Hilton Hotels). Hilton is known for her controversial participation in a sex tape in 2003, and appearance on the television series ''The Simple Life'' alongside fellow socialite and childhood best friend Nicole Richie. She is also known for her 2004 tongue-in-cheek autobiography, several minor film roles (most notably her role in the horror film ''House of Wax'' in 2005), her 2006 music album ''Paris'', and her work in modeling.

In recent years Hilton is perhaps most known for starring in a number of her own produced reality shows such as Paris Hilton's My New BFF which was filmed in Los Angeles and aired in 2008 and which also resulted in a second season. The show proved to be a success and was branched out to Paris Hilton's British Best Friend filmed in London, UK and Paris Hilton’s Dubai BFF filmed in Dubai in the UAE. All seasons were broadcasted on MTV. In 2011, Oxygen Channel gave the go-ahead to air Hilton's reality series The World According to Paris following Hilton's everyday life.

As a result of several legal incidents, Hilton served a widely publicized sentence in a Los Angeles County jail in 2007. She is an example of the modern phenomenon of the 'celebutante', the celebrity who rises to fame not because of their talent or work but because of their inherited wealth and controversial lifestyle. Despite the controversies, Hilton's various product lines have been successful with stores in 31 countries. In 2011, Hilton was named "Billion Dollar Entrepreneur" by Variety magazine and was featured on the cover.

Early life

Hilton was born in New York City, New York, to Kathy (née Avanzino), a socialite and actress, and Richard Hilton, a businessman. She was raised Roman Catholic and still attends church. She is the oldest of four children: she has one sister, Nicholai Olivia "Nicky" Hilton (b. 1983) and two brothers, Barron Nicholas Hilton II (b. 1989) and Conrad Hughes Hilton III (b. 1994). Hilton is of Norwegian, German, English, Scottish, Irish, and Italian ancestry. She is a niece of two child stars of the 1970s, Kim and Kyle Richards.

Hilton moved between numerous exclusive homes in her youth, including a suite in the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in Manhattan, Beverly Hills, and the Hamptons. As a child she was good friends with other socialites, including Nicole Richie and Kim Kardashian.

Education

Paris Hilton attended her freshman year of high school at the Marywood-Palm Valley School in Rancho Mirage, California from 1995-1996. Then in 1996, when Paris was 14, her family moved to the East Coast. In New York, she briefly attended Convent of the Sacred Heart (while Lady Gaga was a student there) in 1996 before transferring again to the Dwight School. Hilton then spent one year (likely beginning in the fall of 1997, when she was 16), at least part of which was in the spring of 1998, when she was 17, at the Provo Canyon School, a school for emotionally troubled teens. She then attended the Canterbury Boarding School, in New Milford, Connecticut from the fall of 1998 to February 1999 for her junior year, where she was a member of the ice hockey team. In February 1999, the month she turned 18, she was expelled from Canterbury for violating school rules, as she frequently had limos retrieve her from the school to take her to events in New York and New Jersey. After being expelled from Canterbury, she returned to the Dwight School before dropping out a few months later as a high school junior. She later earned her GED.

Career

2001–present: Modeling

Hilton began modeling as a child, initially at charity events. When she was 19, she signed with Donald Trump's modeling agency, T Management. Hilton has also worked with Ford Models in New York, Models 1 Agency in London, Nous Model Management in Los Angeles, and Premier Model Management in London. She has appeared in numerous advertising campaigns, including Iceberg Vodka, GUESS, Tommy Hilfiger, Christian Dior, and Marciano. In 2001, Hilton began to develop a reputation as a socialite, being identified as "New York's leading It Girl" whose fame was beginning to "extend beyond the New York tabloids". She has appeared in several magazines, including the April 2004 issue of ''Maxim''. She also made an uncredited appearance in the Brüno segment in the "Law and Order" episode of the HBO series of ''Da Ali G Show''.

2003–present: Acting

Hilton has made cameo appearances in several films, notably ''Zoolander'', ''Wonderland'', and ''The Cat In The Hat''. She co-starred with socialite counterpart Nicole Richie in the Fox reality series ''The Simple Life'', which premiered on December 2, 2003. ''The Simple Life'' ran for three seasons on Fox. The show was cancelled by Fox after a dispute between Hilton and Richie, but it was subsequently aired by E! Entertainment Television for the fourth and fifth seasons. Despite talks of a sixth season, the series finished its run at the end of the fifth season. Hilton next starred in an MTV reality series titled ''Paris Hilton's My New BFF'', about her search for a new best friend. The series premiered on September 30, 2008.

On October 1, 2010 the Oxygen Channel gave the go-ahead to a new reality show called "The World According to Paris". The show follows Hilton in her everyday life, and premiered in June 2011.

She landed minor and supporting roles in the feature films ''Nine Lives'', ''Raising Helen'', ''The Hillz'', and ''House of Wax''. Her role as Paige Edwards in ''House of Wax'' won the Teen Choice Award for "Best Scream" and earned her a nomination for "Choice Breakout Performance  – Female". (It also won her the 2005 Razzie for "Worst Supporting Actress" at the 2005 Golden Raspberry Awards.) She also earned a nomination for "Best Frightened Performance" at the 2006 MTV Movie Awards. She landed her first lead roles in 2006 with the straight-to-DVD releases ''National Lampoon's Pledge This!'' and ''Bottoms Up''. She plays the Hottie in the box office bomb romantic comedy ''The Hottie and the Nottie'', released in 2008. She also had a minor cameo appearance as herself in ''An American Carol''.

More recently, Hilton plays Amber Sweet, the surgery- and painkiller-addicted daughter of a biotech magnate in the goth/rock musical ''Repo! The Genetic Opera''. Critics have responded positively to her performance in the film, in which she sings and acts. In an interview ''Repo!'' director Darren Lynn Bousman revealed that he had originally refused to audition Hilton for the role of Amber Sweet. "I broke down," says Bousman, "and I met with her, and immediately she charmed everyone in the room." In the same interview, Bousman also revealed that Hilton was so keen to get the part that she had the script smuggled in to her during her much publicized stint in a Los Angeles jail, and used her time inside to work on her role.

Hilton has also guest-starred in episodes of the popular TV-show ''The O.C.'', ''The George Lopez Show'', ''Las Vegas'', ''American Dreams'', ''Dogg After Dark'', and ''Veronica Mars''. Furthermore, she appeared in several music videos, including "It Girl" by John Oates and "Just Lose It" by Eminem. Planning is underway for an eponymous cartoon series following the animated life of Hilton, her sister Nicky, and her dog Tinkerbell, which began filming in September 2007. In April 2008, she guest starred on the ''My Name is Earl'' episode "I Won't Die with a Little Help from My Friends". On January 29, 2009, ''Paris Hilton's British Best Friend'', began airing on ITV2 in England. The second season of ''Paris Hilton's My New BFF'' premiered on June 2, 2009. In June 2009, Hilton shot "Paris Hilton's Dubai BFF". Runner-up of the British series Kat McKenzie died on July 3, 2009 of a suspected overdose.

Hilton guest-starred in the fifth episode of ''Supernatural'''s fifth season. "Paris Hilton is playing a demonic creature that takes the form of... Paris Hilton," creator and executive producer Eric Kripke said in a statement. "It'll be a fun, irreverent episode and we here at ''Supernatural'' are thrilled that Paris agreed to do it."

Hilton guest-starred in an episode of ''I Get That a Lot'' in 2010, on CBS, as a gas station attendant.

2004–present: Singing

Hilton founded Heiress Records, a sub-label of Warner Bros. Records, in 2004 and released her self-titled debut album, ''Paris'', under that label on August 22, 2006. Although the album reached number six on the ''Billboard'' 200 for a week, its total sales volume has been low – but the first single "Stars Are Blind" was a top ten hit in 17 countries. ''Allmusic'' commented that the album was "more fun than anything released by Britney Spears or Jessica Simpson, and a lot fresher, too." As a whole, critical reception was mixed. Paris Hilton can also be heard singing on the soundtrack to the musical ''Repo! The Genetic Opera''. In an interview, the director, Darren Lynn Bousman, praised her vocal skills. When talking about Hiltons' vocal audition process for the role, Bouseman said, "We gave her some music and said, 'You have one day to come back and perform this.' She came back the next day, memorized everything, was pitch-perfect, I mean she was awesome."

On July 16, 2007, Hilton confirmed that she was working on a new album with producer Scott Storch. In a recent interview with MTV, Hilton decided that her second album is going to be a dance album. She stated that she "loves Bob Sinclar" and wants to create dance-music vibe. Hilton has installed a professional recording studio in her house to work on the album. On September 30, 2008, Hilton premiered her song "My BFF" on KIIS-FM with host Ryan Seacrest. It is the first single from her as yet untitled second studio album and the theme song of her show ''Paris Hilton's My New BFF''. Hilton stated that she finished working on the album. A second song "Paris For President" was released along with a music video late October 2008.

For her second studio album, she has confirmed six tracks: "Jailhouse Baby", "Platinum Blonde", "Crave" and "My BFF", "Paris For President", and "Girl Tax", "My BFF" and "Paris For President" were released in 2008 as the first two singles. In November 2008, Hilton talked with ''Entertainment Weekly'' backstage at the American Music Awards and she told them that she has finished her second album, and "wrote all the songs". The album is featuring production by Mike Green who worked with the bands Paramore and The Matches. In December 2008, she was looking for a label to release her album, she told ''Entertainment Weekly''. "I'm not sure which label I'm doing it with," she said. "I'm figuring it out right now." Later that month she stated her intention to release her album under her own record label Heiress Records.

2004–06: Writing

In the autumn of 2004, Hilton released an autobiographical book, ''Confessions of an Heiress: A Tongue-in-Chic Peek Behind the Pose'', co-written by Merle Ginsberg, which includes full color photographs of her and her advice on life as an heiress. Hilton reportedly received a $100,000 advance payment for this book. Some in the media panned the writing as amateurish, and the book was parodied by Robert Mundell on ''The Late Show with David Letterman''. The book became a ''New York Times'' bestseller. Hilton followed it up with a designer diary, also with Ginsberg, called ''Your Heiress Diary: Confess It All to Me''.

In September 2009, Hilton's quote: "Dress cute wherever you go, life is too short to blend in" has been added to The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations. On

Celebrity status

She denied proclaiming herself as the "iconic blonde of the decade" such as Diana, Princess of Wales, and Marilyn Monroe in the May 2007 issue of ''Harper's Bazaar''. She appeared in the 2007 ''Guinness World Records'' as the world's "Most Overrated Celebrity". In a poll conducted by the Associated Press and AOL, Hilton was voted the second "Worst Celebrity Role Model of 2006", behind Britney Spears. According to a 2011 poll conducted by Ipsos, Hilton is the most unpopular celebrity among Americans, with 60% of the responders having an unfavorable opinion on her. Critics suggest that Hilton epitomizes the title of famous for being famous; echoing that sentiment, the Associated Press conducted what they called an experiment in February 2007, trying not to report on Hilton for a whole week. Hilton has often appeared in FHM's 100 Sexiest Women poll, ranking at #34 in 2006, #23 in 2005 and #59 in 2004.

2008 parody Presidential campaign

Paris Hilton had originally endorsed then-Senator Hillary Clinton for President during the Democratic primaries, but upon Clinton's loss of the nomination, Paris decided that she wasn't going to vote at all in the 2008 United States Presidential election. However, on August 6, 2008 Hilton appeared in a 1 minute 50 second long video online, ''"Paris Hilton Responds to McCain Ad"'', directed by Adam McKay and posted on the Funny or Die website. The video featured Hilton in a parody advertisement, and was made in response to a television campaign advert ''"Celeb"'', by the 2008 John McCain presidential campaign. In ''Celeb'', McCain briefly compared his rival Barack Obama to that of celebrities such as Hilton and Britney Spears, going on to question his readiness to lead and criticize his energy policy.

In what ''The Washington Post'' opined "might just be her best acting role yet," Hilton appears in the video wearing a leopard print swimsuit. She starts out by suggesting that her personal mention by McCain means that she must now be a candidate in the presidential race, and goes on to mock McCain, and critique the expected qualities and lifestyle of a celebrity in comparison to that of a US president. In a 30 second segment, in the style of an academic speaker, Hilton compares and contrasts the policies of McCain and Obama for solving the US energy crisis, and goes on to propose a 'compromise solution' combining elements of both.

The video received 7 million views in two days garnering worldwide press coverage, and drew both written and verbal media response from both campaigns. The merits and drawbacks of the 'Paris compromise solution' with regard to energy policy, as well as its contrast to the adversarial political campaigns, generated multiple comments from US political commentators, as well as Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi and Congressman Michael Burgess.

Continuing the spoof campaign, in October Hilton featured in a second parody video posted on Funny or Die, the 2 minute 20 second long ''"Paris Hilton Gets Presidential with Martin Sheen"'', alongside Hollywood actor Martin Sheen, with his son, actor Charlie Sheen, appearing in a cameo role. Hilton, heavily made up and in a green evening dress, interviews Martin Sheen in a kitchen, discussing various political issues, seeking his advice from his days playing a fictional President on ''The West Wing''.

Products and endorsements

Hilton helped design a collection of purses for Japanese label Samantha Thavasa, and also a jewelry line for Amazon.com.

In 2004, Hilton was involved in the creation of a perfume line by Parlux Fragrances. Originally set to be a small release, high demand led to a wider release before December 2004. The launch was followed by a 47 percent increase in sales of Parlux products, predominantly due to sales of the Hilton-branded perfume. After the success of Hilton's perfume, Parlux Fragrances released several more perfumes with her name, including fragrances for men. Hilton launched a new fragrance in October 2007, called ''Can Can''. This is her fourth women's fragrance after ''Paris Hilton'', ''Just Me'', and ''Heiress''. During the month of November 2008, Hilton released her fifth fragrance for women called, ''Fairy Dust''. In July 2009, her sixth fragrance for women ''Siren'' was launched.

In January 2007, Hilton released the DreamCatchers line of hair extensions in partnership with Hair Tech International. In early August 2007, Hilton signed a licensing agreement with Antebi for a signature footwear line, "Paris Hilton Footwear", featuring stilettos, platforms, flats, wedges, and a sports collection, expected to reach stores in 2008. In mid August 2007, Hilton launched a line of tops, dresses, coats, and jeans at Kitson boutique in Los Angeles.

In 2005, Hilton lent her name to a chain of nightclubs owned by Fred Khalilian and known as ''Club Paris''. This association ended in January 2007 after she had failed to attend several scheduled promotional appearances.

In December 2007, Hilton posed nude, covered in gold paint, to promote "Rich Prosecco", a canned version of an Italian sparkling wine. She also traveled to Germany to promote the drink, appearing in various print ads for the product.

In February 2010, Hilton participated in an advertising campaign for the launch of the Brazilian beer Devassa Bem Loura, whose slogan in English roughly translates to "very blonde bitch". As part of the campaign, Hilton joined the brewery's float in the carnival of Rio de Janeiro. Despite the buzz caused by Hilton in Rio de Janeiro, Devassa beer had captured just 0.2% of the market at the end of 2010

Personal life

Hilton loves small dogs, and lives with a Yorkshire Terrier and a female Chihuahua named Tinkerbell among many other pets. Hilton is frequently seen carrying Tinkerbell (dubbed an "accessory dog") at social events and functions, and in all five seasons of television reality show ''The Simple Life''. In 2004, Tinkerbell "authored" a memoir, ''The Tinkerbell Hilton Diaries''. On August 12, 2004, Tinkerbell went missing after Hilton's apartment was burgled, and a $5,000 reward was offered for her safe return. She was found six days later. By December 1, 2004, Tinkerbell was again spotted with Hilton at various events. Hilton has also purchased a male Chihuahua on July 25, 2007 from Pets of Bel Air in Los Angeles. Hilton's love for man's best friend led her to create an apparel line for dogs called Little Lily by Paris Hilton, with some of the proceeds going to benefit animal rescue. "I have 17 dogs and I like to dress them, so I started designing this clothing line and it's really cute, like dresses and jeans — everything you can imagine for humans, but for dogs," she said in an interview during Super Bowl XLII festivities. Hilton's love for her dogs led to the rumor that she wanted to be frozen with them at the Cryonics Institute, but Hilton denied the rumor on ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show''.

On January 22, 2007, Hilton's private life was thrust into the media spotlight with the launch of ParisExposed.com, a website that features images of personal documents, video, and other material allegedly obtained when the contents of a storage locker rented by Hilton was auctioned off due to lack of a $208 payment. The website began charging online access to this material and received 1.2 million visitors in just over 40 hours. Among the contents were medications, diaries, photographs, contracts and love letters, as well as a video of her shot by Joe Francis of Girls Gone Wild. On February 3, 2007 Hilton obtained a temporary injunction against ParisExposed.com, closing down the website.

On February 5, 2007, CNN's ''Anderson Cooper 360'' discussed footage obtained from the ParisExposed.com website which features Hilton using the ethnic slurs "niggers", "chink", "Jappy" and the derogatory term "faggot".

In an interview with Larry King on June 28, 2007, Hilton stated that she is a practicing Roman Catholic, adding that after serving time in jail she started reading the Bible again and goes to mass on a regular basis.

Relationships

Hilton was engaged to fashion model Jason Shaw from mid-2002 to early 2003. In 2003–2004 she had a relationship with singer Nick Carter. Later she was engaged to Greek shipping heir Paris Latsis, from May 29, 2005 to November 2005. Thereafter, she began dating another Greek shipping heir, Stavros Niarchos III, before breaking up in May 2006. In early 2008, she was spotted with Good Charlotte guitarist Benji Madden and in May, Hilton announced her intention to marry Madden during an interview with television talk-show host David Letterman. The two broke up in November 2008, and "remain very good friends". She began dating ''The Hills'' star Doug Reinhardt in February 2009; Hilton has also referred to her intention to marry Reinhardt, saying "He's gonna be my husband." The couple broke up in June 2009, only to get back together again in August of the same year. On April 13, 2010, Hilton reportedly split from Reinhardt because she was worried he was just using her to further his career. Shortly after splitting from Reinhardt, Hilton started dating Cy Waits, entrepreneur and co-owner of Tryst Nightclub and XS Nightclub in Las Vegas.. Hilton expressed that she would like to marry Cy, stating: "“I can see myself marrying him. We are so happy!”.. In late June 2011, Hilton revealed that the couple had split up and remained close friends.

Hilton told ''Live with Regis and Kelly'': "One-night stands are not for me. I think it's gross when you just give it up. Guys want you more, if you don't just hand it to them on a platter."

Sex tape

A homemade sex video of Hilton and then-boyfriend Rick Salomon was leaked on the Internet in 2003, later released as the DVD ''1 Night in Paris'' despite attempted legal action. It appeared a week prior to the premiere of ''The Simple Life''.

Bling Ring burglaries

Hilton was burglarized at least five times by the Bling Ring. In most cases they were only after cash and clothes. However, during their final burglary of her home, a participant usually not present as a member of the group stole around $2 million in jewelry from her, carrying it out in one of her Louis Vuitton bags. It was only after this theft that she informed police of having been burglarized.

Heiress

In December 2007, Hilton's grandfather, Barron Hilton, pledged 97 percent of his estate (the Hilton family fortune) to a charitable organization founded by his father, Conrad N. Hilton, the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation. As a result, the inheritance of his grandchildren is sharply diminished. An immediate pledge of $1.2 billion was made (the proceeds of the sale of Hilton Hotels Corporation), with a further $1.1 billion due after his death. He cited the actions of his father, Conrad N. Hilton, as the motivation for his pledge. Conrad, Barron's father, had left 97% of his estate to the Conrad N. Hilton Foundaton and Barron subsequently contested his father's will to win back a sizeable amount of the Hilton family fortune in a settlement. By leaving his estate to the Foundation, Barron is donating not only the fortune he has amassed on his own, but he is also returning the Hilton family fortune amassed by his father, Conrad, to the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation, where it would have gone over 30 years ago had Barron not contested his father's will. Barron said he is proud to follow his father's example.

Legal issues

In September 2006, Hilton was arrested and charged with driving under the influence of alcohol with a blood alcohol content of 0.08%, the level at which it is illegal to drive in California. Hilton's driving license was subsequently suspended in November 2006, and in January 2007 she pleaded no contest to a reckless driving charge. Her punishment was 36 months' probation and fines of about $1,500.

On January 15, 2007, Hilton was pulled over for driving with a suspended license and signed a document acknowledging that she was not permitted to drive.

On February 27, 2007 Hilton was caught driving 70 mph in a 35 mph zone, again with a suspended license. She also did not have her headlights on even though it was after dark. Prosecutors in the office of the Los Angeles City Attorney charged that those actions, along with the failure to enroll in a court-ordered alcohol education program, constituted a violation of the terms of her probation.

On May 4, 2007 Hilton was sentenced by Judge Michael T. Sauer to 45 days in jail for violating her probation. Initially, Hilton planned to appeal the sentence, and supported an online petition asking California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger for a pardon. The petition was created and organized on May 5, 2007 by Joshua Morales. In response, various opponents started a counter-petition to maintain the sentence. Both petitions attracted tens of thousands of signatures. Hilton later switched lawyers and dropped her plans to appeal.

Hilton was required to begin her jail term on June 5, 2007, and checked herself into the Century Regional Detention Facility, an all-female jail in Lynwood, California after attending the 2007 MTV Movie Awards on June 3, 2007. However Los Angeles County Sheriff Lee Baca signed orders on June 7, reassigning Hilton to 40 days of home confinement with an electronic monitoring device due to an unspecified medical condition. Baca commented on the release saying, "My message to those who don't like celebrities is that punishing celebrities more than the average American is not justice," contesting that under normal circumstances, Hilton would not have served any time in jail, and he added that "The special treatment, in a sense, appears to be because of her celebrity status ... She got more time in jail". On the same day that Hilton was released from jail, Judge Michael Sauer summoned her to reappear in court the following morning (June 8) as the sentencing statement had explicitly said she would serve time in jail with "No work furlough. No work release. No electronic monitoring." At the hearing he declined to be briefed by Hilton's attorney in private chambers on the nature of her condition and sent her back to jail to serve out her original 45-day sentence. Upon hearing the sentence, Hilton shouted, "It's not right!" and started screaming, requesting to hug her mother who was present in the courtroom. Concern about Hilton's condition led to her being moved to the medical wing of the Twin Towers Correctional Facility in Los Angeles, and she was moved back to the Century Regional Detention Facility in Lynwood on June 13.

While in jail, Hilton was influenced by the clergyman minister Marty Angelo: Hilton referred to starting a "new beginning" during her interview with talk show host Larry King on June 28, 2007, two days after being released from jail, and quoted from Angelo's autobiography, entitled ''Once Life Matters: A New Beginning''. On June 9, 2007, Marty Angelo petitioned Sauer, asking to serve out the remainder of Hilton's jail sentence if the judge would release her to an alternative treatment program, but the petition was turned down.

On July 2, 2010, Hilton was accused of smoking marijuana at the 2010 FIFA World Cup game between Brazil and the Netherlands. She was escorted from the Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium by local police, however the case was later dismissed for unknown reasons. Hilton's publicist, Dawn Miller, stated "I can confirm that the incident was a complete misunderstanding and it was actually another person in the group who did it".

On July 17, 2010, Hilton was detained and released after being caught in possession of cannabis at Figari airport, Corsica.

On August 28, 2010 she was arrested on suspicion of cocaine possession in Las Vegas. Initially her defence claimed that the handbag containing 0.8g of cocaine was not hers as "This purse in question was a high street brand – and by no means up to her high fashion standards.". Later she claimed some of the personal items (like cash and credit cards) from the bag acknowledging it was hers.

In order to avoid being convicted on felony, Hilton pleaded guilty to two misdemeanors on September 17, 2010. Under the terms of the plea bargain, she was sentenced to one year probation, 200 hours community service, $2,000 fine and ordered to complete a drug abuse program. Clark County District Attorney David Roger said that: "If she is arrested for anything besides a minor traffic violation she will spend a year in jail. There will be no discussion. The court will have no discretion."

On September 21, 2010, while travelling to a press conference in Tokyo to promote fashion and fragrance lines, Hilton and her sister Nicky were stopped by immigration officers at Narita Airport, Japan because of Hilton's conviction for drug possession a day earlier. Under Japan's strict anti-drug laws, all people sentenced for any drug crime are in general denied entry. Narita officials questioned Hilton "for hours" and Hilton and her sister were forced to sleep over at the airport-hotel. On September 22, Japanese authorities decided not to grant Hilton entry into the country and she was put on a plane back to the U.S. the same day. Other stops on their Asian promotion tour were cancelled, as countries like Indonesia and Malaysia have even tougher anti-drug laws.

Filmography

! Year	! Film	! Role	Notes
1993	''Wishman''	Girl on Beach
2000	''Sweetie Pie''
2001	''Zoolander''	Herself	Cameo
2002		Jo
2002	''QIK2JDG''	Strung-out Supermodel
2003	''L.A. Knights''	Sadie
2003		Barbie	Cameo role
2003	''''	Female Club-Goer	Cameo role
2004		Madison	TV series, 1 episode: "Things That Go Jump in the Night" (1.14)
2004	''Win a Date with Tad Hamilton!''	Heather
2004		Ashley	TV series, 1 episode: "Jason Tutors Max" (3.18)
2004	''''	Kate
2004	''''	Heather Smith
2004	''Raising Helen''	Amber
2004	''1 Night In Paris''	Herself	Pornographic film
2004	''Veronica Mars''	Caitlin Ford
2005	''American Dreams''	Barbara Eden	TV series, 1 episode: "California Dreamin'" (3.15)
2005		Paige Edwards	Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress
2006		Lisa Mancini
2006	''Pledge This!''	Victoria English
2008	''''	Cristabel Abbott	Golden Raspberry Award for Worst ActressGolden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Couple
2008	''Repo! The Genetic Opera''	Amber Sweet	Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress
2008	''''	Herself
2009	''Rex''	Paris	TV film
2009	''Pedal to the Metal''	Jane	In production
2009			TV series, 1 episode: "Fallen Idols" (5.5)
2010	''The Dog Who Saved Christmas Vacation''	Bella	ABC Family Film
2011	''The World According to Paris''	Herself	TV Series, debuted in United States on Oxygen (TV channel) in June 2011

Discography

''Paris'' (2006)

Bibliography

''Confessions of an Heiress: A Tongue-in-Chic Peek Behind the Pose'', 2004, ISBN 0-7432-6664-1

''Your Heiress Diary: Confess It All to Me'', 2005, ISBN 0-7432-8714-2

References

External links

Category:1981 births Category:Living people Category:21st-century actors Category:21st-century women writers Category:Actors from California Category:Actors from New York City Category:Actors from Los Angeles, California Category:American Roman Catholics Category:American businesspeople Category:American dance musicians Category:American female models Category:American female singers Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:American memoirists Category:American pop singers Category:American socialites Category:American women in business Category:American people of Norwegian descent Category:American people of German descent Category:American people of Italian descent Category:American musicians of German descent Category:American musicians of Scottish descent Category:American musicians of Irish descent Category:American people of Scottish descent Category:American musicians of Italian descent Category:Participants in American reality television series Category:People convicted of drug offenses Category:People from the Greater Los Angeles Area Category:People from New York City Category:Warner Bros. Records artists

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Coordinates	48°42′″N44°31′″N
Name	Bill Terry
Position	First baseman
Bats	Left
Throws	Left
Birth date	October 30, 1898
Birth place	Atlanta, Georgia
Death date	January 09, 1989
Death place	Jacksonville, Florida
Debutdate	September 24
Debutyear	1923
Debutteam	New York Giants
Finaldate	September 22
Finalyear	1936
Finalteam	New York Giants
Stat1label	Batting average
Stat1value	.341
Stat2label	Home runs
Stat2value	154
Stat3label	Runs batted in
Stat3value	1,078
Teams	As player New York Giants (–) As manager New York Giants (–)
highlights	3× All-Star selection (1933, 1934, 1935) World Series champion () San Francisco Giants #3 retired
Hofdate
Hofvote	77.4% (thirteenth ballot) }}

William Harold Terry (October 30, 1898 – January 9, 1989) was a Major League Baseball first baseman and manager. Considered one of the greatest players of all time, Terry was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1954. In 1999, he ranked number 59 on ''The Sporting News'' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was a nominee for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. The Giants retired Terry's uniform no. 3 in ; it is posted on the facade of the upper deck in the left field corner of AT&T Park. Nicknamed "Memphis Bill", he is most remembered for being the last National League player to hit .400, a feat he accomplished by batting .401 in .

Playing career

Early years

Born in Atlanta, Georgia, Terry made his professional baseball debut in at the tender age of 16. He began his career as a pitcher, playing for two separate minor league teams, the Newnan Cowetas of the Georgia-Alabama League and the Dothan club of the FLAG League. With Newnan, he managed an impressive win-loss record of 7-1, with a microscopic 0.60 earned run average in eight games.

After starting 1916 with Newnan, by the end of the year he had moved up to the class-B Shreveport Gassers of the Texas League. He again compiled impressive statistics for his new team, putting up a record of 6-2 with a 1.07 ERA in 11 games with Shreveport. Terry spent all of 1917 with Shreveport, with a record of 14-11 and an ERA of exactly 3.00. By this time, he was also beginning to play more in the field, pitching in 40 games and appearing in 55 other games.

After spending several years playing semi-professionally, Terry was picked up by the Toledo Mud Hens of the American Association in . He was now playing in double-A, the highest minor league level of the era. While he was still pitching some, putting up a 9-9 record in 26 games, his hitting was also starting to pick up. In 88 games with Toledo, Terry batted .336 with 14 home runs.

In , Terry had been converted into a full-time first baseman. In 109 games with Toledo that year, Terry batted .377 with 15 home runs. This gained the notice of the major league New York Giants, and on September 18 they purchased his contract from the Mud Hens. In an interesting coincidence, Freddie Lindstrom, another future Hall of Fame player, was purchased from the Mud Hens on the same day.

Starting out in the majors

Terry made his major league debut with the Giants on September 24, 1923 in a game against the Cincinnati Reds. In that game, he pinch-hit for Giants pitcher Rosy Ryan, going 0-for-1. Terry didn't play again until September 30, when he made his first appearance in the starting lineup against the Boston Braves. Terry got his first major league hit in that game, going 1-for-3 and scoring his first major league run. Terry finished the season with one hit in seven at bats in three games.

Terry played all of with the Giants, backing up fellow future Hall of Famer George Kelly at first base for the pennant-winning team. Terry played in 77 games, 35 at first base and the rest as a pinch-hitter. He batted .239 with 5 home runs and 24 runs batted in. In the World Series against the Washington Senators, he batted .429, including a Game 1 home run off Walter Johnson.

Into and out of the starting lineup

In , Giants starting third baseman Heinie Groh suffered an injury early in the season, forcing the team to juggle its lineup a bit. Starting second baseman Frankie Frisch was tried at third, but wound up spending most of the season shifting around the infield when Lindstrom was made the starter. Kelly was moved from first base to second, and Terry was installed as the starting first baseman. He hit .319 in 133 games, with 11 homers and 70 RBI.

In , with Lindstrom now established as the starter at third, Frisch was reinstated at second and Kelly moved back to first, sending Terry back into a reserve role. In addition to backing up Kelly, Terry played in 14 games in the outfield. This was the only season in which he played more than one game at a position other than first base. Overall, Terry played 98 games, batting .289 with 5 home runs and 43 RBI.

1927: Breakout year

During the following offseason, the Giants made some major changes to their starting lineup. On December 20, 1926, they traded Frisch and pitcher Jimmy Ring to the St. Louis Cardinals for Rogers Hornsby. Then, on February 9, they traded Kelly to the Reds for outfielder Edd Roush, opening a spot once more for Terry in the starting lineup. Terry batted .326 in , with 20 home runs and 121 RBI. He finished 13th in the voting for the National League MVP, and his days of being a backup were behind him for good.

History in the making

Over the next two seasons, Terry continued to produce for the Giants, batting .326 again in with 101 RBI, and then .372 in with 117 RBI. In both years, he finished in the top ten in the NL in a number of statistical categories and in 1929 he finished 3rd in the MVP voting. All of this led to what is generally considered Terry's best season ever, .

In 1930, Terry had an historic season. He finished first in the National League with a .401 batting average, the first player to hit over .400 since Rogers Hornsby in 1925. It is also the last time to date that anyone in the National League has hit .400. Only Ted Williams of the American League's Boston Red Sox in has hit .400 since. Terry also led the league with 254 hits, which is tied for the most in NL history with the Phillies' Lefty O'Doul's 254 in . He also finished 5th in the league in on base percentage (.452), 7th in slugging percentage (.619), 6th in runs scored with 139 runs, and led the league in putouts and assists by a first baseman. While there was no official league MVP award in 1930, Terry won The Sporting News NL MVP.

Player-manager

While Terry never again reached the lofty heights of 1930, he had another excellent season in . He led the league in runs scored with 121 and in triples with 20 while batting .349 with 112 RBI, and he finished third in the new BBWAA NL MVP voting. In , Terry set his career high in home runs with 28, batting .350 with 117 RBI. He was also named the team's manager in early June, replacing the legendary John McGraw. The team finished in sixth place.

1933: World championship

In , Terry's first full season as manager, the team won the National League pennant and the World Series. Although, as a player, Terry missed a month early in the season with an injury, he still hit .322. It was also the first season of the All-Star Game, for which Terry was chosen as a starter and in which he got two hits. The Giants once again faced the Senators in the 1933 World Series, which they won four games to one. Terry went 6-for-22, hitting a home run in Game 4 off Monte Weaver. Despite an off-year, Terry still finished fourth in the MVP voting, perhaps gaining votes for managing the team to the championship, the Giants' first since 1922, the year before Terry's MLB debut.

Career winding down

In Terry came back to put up big numbers once more, finishing second in the NL in batting at .354 and in hits with 213 while finishing seventh in the MVP voting. Terry managed the team to a second-place finish, just two games behind the pennant-winning St. Louis Cardinals "Gashouse Gang". In , Terry again got over 200 hits with 203, and batted .341 while finishing sixth in the MVP voting, and managed the team to a third-place finish. In both years he was again selected to start in the All-Star game.

was Terry's last year as a player. Before the season started, the team had purchased Sam Leslie from the Brooklyn Dodgers, and Terry the manager split time with the newcomer, with Leslie getting the lion's share. It worked out well for the team, as they again won the pennant, beating the Cardinals by five games. In the World Series, Terry started all six games, but batted just .240 with no extra base hits. He did have five RBI, but it wasn't enough, as the Giants lost to the New York Yankees, four games to two.

Remaining managerial career

Terry continued to manage the Giants until . The Giants won another pennant in , but they lost another World Series to the New York Yankees, four games to one. The team finished third in , but never again finished in the first division under Terry, finishing fifth, sixth, and fifth in his last three years as manager.

Ownership career

After retiring from playing and managing, Terry settled in Jacksonville, Florida, where he owned an automobile dealership. He purchased the Jacksonville Braves double-A team in 1958.

Playing career summary

Over his 14-year career, Terry posted seven seasons with 100 or more runs, six seasons with 100 or more RBI, six seasons with at least 200 hits, and nine consecutive seasons batting .320 or higher, from through . He also showed some pop, posting three seasons with at least 20 home runs, including a career high of 28 in . Terry retired with 1120 runs scored, 154 home runs, 1078 RBI and a .341 batting average. He also currently holds the record for the highest career batting average for a left-handed hitter in the National League at .341.

Baseball honors

Terry was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in . In 1999, he ranked number 59 on ''The Sporting News''' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was a nominee for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. The Giants retired Terry's uniform no. 3 in 1984; it is posted on the facade of the upper deck in the left field corner of AT&T Park.

Bill Terry is mentioned in the poem ''"Line-Up for Yesterday"'' by Ogden Nash:

See also

List of major league players with 2,000 hits

List of Major League Baseball players with 100 triples

List of Major League Baseball players with 1000 runs

List of Major League Baseball players with 1000 RBI

Hitting for the cycle

List of Major League Baseball batting champions

List of Major League Baseball runs scored champions

List of Major League Baseball triples champions

References

External links

The Deadball Era

Category:Baseball players from Georgia (U.S. state) Category:1898 births Category:American people of Irish descent Category:National League All-Stars Category:1989 deaths Category:National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Category:Baseball managers Category:Baseball player–managers Category:Major League Baseball first basemen Category:New York Giants (NL) players Category:New York Giants (NL) managers Category:National League batting champions Category:Major League Baseball players with retired numbers

es:Bill Terry ja:ビル・テリー